3 ways to format strings in Python

In Python versions 3.6 and above, literal string interpolation receives the hype; however, did you know that there are several ways to format strings in Python?

String Formatting (printf-style)

String objects have a built-in operation: the % operator (modulo).

If the operator is used once in a string, then a single non-tuple object may be used:

1
2

>>> "Ogres are like %s" % "onions"
'Ogres are like onions'

In this example, the conversion type, %s (string), will be replaced by “onions”.

Otherwise, the strings must be placed within a tuple of exact length or a dictionary.

Tuple:

1
2

>>> "%s are like %s" % ("Ogres", "onions")
'Ogres are like onions'

Dictionary:

1
2

>>> "%(character)s are like %(vegetable)s" % {"character": "Ogres", "vegetable": "onions"}
'Ogres are like onions'

Additionally, there are flag characters and other types. To represent an integer, the type %d (for decimal) could be used. In the example below, %d was used in combination with the 0 flag character to add trailing zeros.

1
2

>>> "%03d - License to kill" % 7
'007 - License to kill'

More information can be found here about the printf-style string formatting.

String Format Method

While the predecessor leveraged type conversions and flag characters, Python 3 introduced the str.format(*args, **kwargs) string method.

Using positional arguments:

1
2

>>> "{}, {}, {}".format("one", "two", "three")
'one, two, three'

Using indices:

1
2

>>> "{2}, {1}, {0}".format("apple", "orange", "cow")
'cow, orange, apple'

Using repeated indices:

1
2

>>> "{1}, it's {0}. Why {0}?".format(13, 'Naturally')
"Naturally, it's 13. Why 13?"

Named arguments:

1
2

>>> "{character} are like {food}".format(character="Ogres", food="onions")
'Ogres are like onions'

Accessing arguments’ items:

1
2
3

>>> coord = (1, 5)
>>> "Plot the coordinate: ({0[0]}, {0[1]})".format(coord)
'Plot the coordinate: (1, 5)'

Thousands separator:

1
2

>>> "It's over {:,}!".format(9000)
"It's over 9,000!"

… and more format string syntax tricks here.

Literal String Interpolation

Python 3.6 introduced literal string interpolation, also known as f-strings. F-strings allow you to embed expressions inside string constants.

1
2
3
4

>>> pet_name = "Toto"
>>> state = "Kansas"
>>> f"{pet_name}, I've a feeling we're not in {state} anymore."
"Toto, I've a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore"

F-strings are prefixed with the letter f and allow you to complete operations inline within the string.

1
2

>>> f"3 + 5 = {3+5}"
'3 + 5 = 8'

The existing syntax from the str.format() method can be used.

1
2

>>> f"It's over {9000:,}!"
"It's over 9,000!"